蠡湖表层沉积物荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)荧光光谱特征

应用三维荧光光谱技术(EEMS),研究了蠡湖表层沉积物荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)光谱特征,并探讨了沉积物中FDOM来源及与有机氮(SON)、无机氮(SIN)之间的相关性.结果表明,蠡湖表层沉积物FDOM由2类3个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(240,310/420 nm)、C2(260,360/460 nm)和类色氨酸荧光组分C3(225,275/340 nm).总荧光强度变化范围为:49.97~159.19 R.U.·g-1,在空间上呈自东向西依次递减,且沿岸区高于湖心区的趋势,C1、C2和C3相对比例分别为33.63%、26.87%、39.49%.荧光指数(FI)、生物源指数(BIX)和腐殖化指数(HIX)的变化范围分别为:1.96~2.22、0.69~0.94、2.62~4.39,显示蠡湖表层沉积物FDOM的来源具有自生源特性,主要为自生微生物、藻类等新近自生源.相关性分析表明,表层沉积物FDOM各组分与SON和SIN均呈显著正相关(P0.01),且与SIN的相关性较高.     

利用高光谱反演模型评估太湖水体叶绿素a浓度分布

叶绿素a浓度是评价水体富营养化和初级生产力的一个重要参数,高光谱遥感是获取叶绿素a浓度的有效手段.为建立太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型,选取2015年5—7月共计60组同步实测高光谱数据和叶绿素a浓度数据,在地面光谱反射率和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析的基础上,使用2∶1的数据样本进行太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型的建立和验证,筛选模型分别为波段比值、三波段、荧光峰位置、峰谷距离、一阶微分、NDCI(Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index)、峰面积、荧光峰高度、WCI(Water Chlorophyll-a Index)和四波段模型.结果表明,建模得到的四波段模型决定系数最高,峰面积模型的决定系数相对最低;四波段模型的反演精度最高,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.00376 mg·L~(-1),平均绝对误差(MAPE)为27.86%,而WCI模型的反演精度相对最低,RMSE为0.01231 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.11%.将反演精度最高的四波段模型应用于2015年8月3日的两景HSI(Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer)高光谱影像数据,也得到较高精度,利用同步实测叶绿素a浓度验证的决定系数为0.7643,RMSE为0.00433 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.62%.在春、夏季叶绿素对水体光学特性占主导作用且叶绿素分布均匀的情景下,本研究可为太湖水域叶绿素a的高光谱反演和水环境监测提供有价值的参考,其它季节水体光谱特点的研究尚待进一步开展.     

NO,N2气体中电晕放电高能电子密度分布的光谱实验研究

利用目前在等离子体特性诊断方面较为先进实用的发射光谱法，在常温常压下测量了正脉电晕放电ＮＯ发射光谱相对强度沿线－筒式反应器的径向分布以及Ｏ２对ＮＯ发射光谱强度的影响。由此得到了正脉冲电晕放电等离子体中高能电子的电子密度沿线－筒式反应器的径向分布情况。     

芳香型偶氮污染物紫外光谱量子力学指认及不同共轭态偶氮键电子激发研究

偶氮化合物是重要的工业化学品,也是常见的环境污染物,其紫外激发特征及"分子结构-紫外吸收"的构效关系暂未完全明确.本研究借助量子化学计算,通过对波函数与激发态"电子-空穴"的分析,描述偶氮化合物紫外吸收光谱和激发态特征.结果表明:反式偶氮苯实验紫外光谱的第一主要吸收峰应指认为π→π^*跃迁,对应其S₀→S₂激发,电子从最高占据轨道(HOMO)跃迁到最低未占据轨道(LUMO);它的第一激发过程(S₀→S₁)振子强度很小(f=0.031),对光谱贡献可以忽略.反式偶氮苯吸收峰位置与顺式相比普遍红移,表明反式结构中偶氮键通过"桥接效应"形成全局共轭,降低了激发能,对偶氮化合物的紫外吸收产生显著影响;在水溶液中,钠离子对偶氮键的电荷分布存在显著扰动,因此,孤立阴离子模型计算得到的甲基橙光谱与实验存在较大误差."推拉"电子官能团促使甲基橙分子高度极化,与钠离子和水分子作用较强,正确处理偶氮键附近的阳离子扰动是建立预测模型的关键.通过量子化学计算指认偶氮污染物紫外可见吸收光谱能为污染修复、环境工程技术开发、光学材料合成提供理论依据,具有重要意义.     

二次颗粒物源成分谱的建立在尘源解析中的作用

通过CMB模型计算各类尘源对TSP、PM10的影响时发现，二次颗粒物对尘源解析起到了不容忽视的作用，因此就二次颗粒物源成分谱进行了专门解析研究，并把二次颗粒物解析也纳入到模型中来，从而完善了源解析结果。     

Shifts in a Pacific Ocean Fish Assemblage: the Potential Influence of Exploitation

Abstract:  As in many regions of the world, marine fishes and invertebrates along the Pacific coast of the United States have long been subjected to overexploitation. Despite this history, however, we lack basic information on the current status of many fishes along this coastline. We used data from a quarter century of fishery-independent, coast-wide trawl surveys to study systematically the demersal fish assemblages along the U.S. Pacific coast. We documented fundamental shifts in this fish assemblage. Average fish size, across a diversity of species, has declined 45% in 21 years. There have been major shifts in the constituent species of the assemblage, with some species achieving annual population growth rates of >10% and others declining in excess of 10% per year. Annual rate of change in population size appeared to be a function of life history interacting with fishing pressure. Negative trends in population size were particularly apparent in rockfish ( Sebastes spp.). However, across all taxa examined, trends in population size were associated with size of maturity, maximum size, and growth rate. Trends in population size were associated inversely with harvest levels, but stocks that mature late tended to decline faster than would be predicted by catch rates alone. Our results are disquieting because they raise the possibility that fishing-induced phase shifts in fish communities may affect the recovery of fishes, even after the implementation of severe fishing restrictions.     

Multi-level complexity in the use of plant allelochemicals by aposematic insects

Summary As recognized by Miriam Rothschild as early as the 1960s and repeatedly emphasized in her papers, the use, misuse, or non-use of plant allelochemicals by insects is extremely variable and difficult to predict, at many levels of time, space, and biological organization. Although certain patterns that reoccur have been important in the development of ecological theory, the optimization of cost-benefit equations involving two or three trophic levels, each with large numbers of individuals, populations, and species in erratic and complex interactions, produces unexpected and fascinating scenarios. The development of rapid colorimetric and chromatographic analyses for several types of plant allelochemicals, notably certain groups of alkaloids, cardiac and cyanogenic glycosides, phenolics, terpenes, and glucosinolates, has permitted a detailed investigation of the variation and flow of these substances in natural organisms and ecosystems. The results of these analyses, in our hands mostly for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), do not suggest a straightforward classical choice by the aposematic insect to simply sequester or synthesize its defences. Rather, they reveal a confusing variety of diffuse and complex patterns that become increasingly closer to chaos as they are multiplied across structures, species, sexes, stages, sites, seasons, and selective regimes. We present a model reflecting results of analyses at this chemoecological interface. Depending upon an initial option, involving the recognition (or not) of a plant allelochemical, the herbivore will face thereafter options to ingest it (or not), and then to tolerate and absorb (or detoxify and excrete), modify (or not), passively, actively or selectively accumulate, turn over (or not), distribute (or concentrate), and use this compound in a variety of growth, defense, or reproductive functions. The herbivore can also quantitatively or qualitatively regulate the intensity or dispersion of its attack on the plant tissues, in order to modify feedback loops of selection on the plant and its chemicals which exist in most of the earlier steps, or those with its predators and parasites that occur in the later ones. Options that lead to mutualism through positive feedback loops will tend to accumulate and become rapidly fixed by natural selection. Additional variations and anomalies such as automimicry, chemical mimicry, sexual dimorphism and communication, selective sequestration and passing-up of allelochemicals, special glands and structures, and synergism effects, are among the secondary complications of this model that have occupied much thought, time, experimental labor, and polemical space in chemical ecology journals and meetings. Examination of the tendencies and results at various points in the model can be used to explain these features and to make further predictions, plan experiments, and devise activity-based bioassays and new chemical analyses. These may lead some day to new and more robust visions of the major patterns of chemical transfer at this widespread and important natural interface.     

安绿玉的谱学特征与呈色机理

新近发现的安绿玉为利蛇纹石型岫玉,其中铁质的含量、价态及占位与玉石的颜色密切相关.黄色玉的穆斯堡尔谱中出现四组四极双峰,表明Fe~(2+)分布于M1,Fe~(3+)分布于M2、M1及T晶位,Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)>4,因而Fe~(3+)d-d跃迁较强,故呈黄色;绿色玉中因含一定量的斜绿泥石,其穆斯堡尔谱表现出M2、M1中均有Fe~(2+)、M2、M1及T中均有Fe~(3+),但Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)<1致使Fe~(3+)d-d跃遇减弱以至消失,而Fe~(2+)→Fe~(3+)荷移吸收占优势,故而主要呈现绿色.     

杀螺微生物的分离与杀螺及抑菌活性的研究

对中国典型培养物保藏中心的凸形假单胞菌(Pseudomonasconvexa)AB93077,AB93065和浅灰链霉菌(Streptomycesgriseolus)AA93066,AA92070,AA94037的杀螺活性进行研究表明AA92070,AA94037具有杀螺活性,其它三种菌株在本实验条件下未见杀螺活性。另外从环境中分离到一株新的具杀螺活性的链霉菌WZ,与以往报道的杀螺链霉菌不同,它的孢子丝顶端为卷曲或螺旋状。链霉菌AA92070,AA94037,WZ的发酵液经100℃处理5min后仍具有杀螺活性,这表明三种链霉菌所产生的杀螺素具有一定的耐热性。通过测定三种链霉菌发酵液的抑菌谱,可初步看出三种菌的发酵产物主要抑制细菌的生长。     

蚊香烟气气溶胶单粒子的粒径和质谱测量

在自行研制的气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪上,对两种蚊香烟气气溶胶单粒子的粒径和质谱进行了实时在线测量。通过分析蚊香烟气气溶胶的统计粒径数据和大量单粒子质谱图,发现其粒径主要分布在小粒径的纳米区间,且粒子中可能包含K+、Na+、碳氢化合物离子、重金属元素离子以及多环芳香烃化合物离子如苊、芴和苊烯的分子离子峰C12H10+、C13H10+和C12H8+等物质。并总结出微烟蚊香和有烟蚊香在粒径分布和化学成分等方面的异同点。金彩虹微烟蚊香烟气中包含的Mo+可以作为其区别于雷达有烟蚊香的特征标志。